تاثیر انگیزش هویت محور بر درگیری تحصیلی دانش آموزان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجو دکتری روان‌شناسی تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

2 دانشیار بخش روان شناسی تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.

10.22099/jsli.2025.8124

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین میزان اثربخشی برنامه آموزشی «مسیرموفقیت» مبتنی بر نظریه انگیزش هویت‌محور بر درگیری تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان بود. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع شبه آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری با گروه کنترل بود. بدین منظور، از بین کلاس‌های نهم دوره متوسطه اول دخترانه که در سال تحصیلی 1403-1402 در شهرگله‌دار (استان فارس) مشغول به تحصیل بودند، دو کلاس با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در گروه آزمایش (21 نفر) و گروه کنترل (21 نفر) قرار ‌گرفتند. گروه آزمایش مداخله‌ آموزشی با آموزش برنامه «مسیرموفقیت» مبتنی بر نظریه انگیزش هویت‌محور طی 11 جلسه 70 دقیقه‌ای دریافت کردند. گروه کنترل، گروه بدون دریافت آموزش خاصی بود که آموزش‌های معمول مدرسه را دریافت کردند. آزمودنی‌های هر دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل در سه مرحله پیش و پس از مداخلة آموزشی و دوره پیگیری شش هفته بعد در متغیر درگیری تحصیلی مورد ارزیابی و مقایسه قرار گرفتند. نتایج تحلیل کواریانس چندمتغیره نشان داد که آموزش «مسیر موفقیت» منجر به افزایش درگیری تحصیلی رفتاری، عاملی، شناختی و عاطفی شده است و این تغییر برای همه ابعاد درگیری تحصیلی (به غیر از بعد عاطفی) تا مرحله پیگیری نیز پایدار بوده است. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش می‌توان گفت که آموزش مبتنی بر انگیزش هویت‌محور برای افزایش درگیری تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان کاربرد موثر دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Abbasi, N. (2024). The effect of intervention based on identity-based motivation on students’ academic engagement (Doctoral dissertation). Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. [In Persian]

Abreu Alves, S., Sinval, J., Lucas Neto, L., Marôco, J., Gonçalves Ferreira, A., & Oliveira, P. (2022). Burnout and dropout intention in medical students: The protective role of academic engagement. BMC Medical Education, 22(83), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03094-9

Daniel, K., Msambwa, M. M., Antony, F., & Wan, X. (2024). Motivate students for better academic achievement: A systematic review of blended innovative teaching and its impact on learning. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 32(4), e22733. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22733
Destin, M., & Oyserman, D. (2010). Incentivizing education: Seeing schoolwork as an investment, not a chore. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology46(5), 846-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.004
Elmore, K., Oyserman, D., Smith, G., & Novin, S. (2016). When the going gets tough: Implications of reactance for interpretations of experienced difficulty in the classroom. AERA Open, 2(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416664714
Ersner-Hershfield, H., Garton, M. T., Ballard, K., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., & Knutson, B. (2009). Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow: Individual differences in future self-continuity account for saving. Judgment and Decision Making, 4(4), 280-286.
Gonzales, M. H., Burgess, D. J., & Mobilio, L. J. (2001). The allure of bad plans: Implications of plan quality for progress toward possible selves and postplanning energization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1207/153248301300148854
Hershfield, H. E. (2011). Future selfcontinuity: How conceptions of the future self transform intertemporal choice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06201.x
Horowitz, E., Sorensen, N., Yoder, N., & Oyserman, D. (2018). Teachers can do it: Scalable identity-based motivation intervention in the classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 54, 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.04.004
Kirk, C. M., Lewis, R. K., Scott, A., Wren, D., Nilsen, C., & Colvin, D. Q. (2012). Exploring the educational aspirations–expectations gap in eighth grade students: Implications for educational interventions and school reform. Educational Studies, 38(5), 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2011.643114
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Landau, M. J., Oyserman, D., Keefer, L. A., & Smith, G. C. (2014). The college journey and academic engagement: how metaphor use enhances identity-based motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(5), 679-698. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036414
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Earl, A. (2018). Seeing more and eating less: Effects of portion size granularity on the perception and regulation of food consumption. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(5), 786-803. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000183
Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2011). When does the future matter? Connecting future self to current behavior. In meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2018). From future self to current action: An identity-based motivation perspective. Self and Identity, 17(3), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1375003
Oyserman, D. (2013). Not just any path: Implications of identity-based motivation for disparities in school outcomes. Economics of Education Review, 33, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.09.002
Oyserman, D. (2015). Pathways to success through identity-based motivation. Oxford University Press, USA.
Oyserman, D., Brickman, D., & Rhodes, M. (2007). School success, possible selves, and parent school involvement. Family Relations, 56(5), 479-489.
Oyserman, D., & Dawson, A. (2021). Successful learning environments support and harness students’ identity-based motivation: A primer. The Journal of Experimental Education, 89(3), 508-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2021.1873091
Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., Novin, S., Fisher, O., & Smith, G. C. (2018). Guiding people to interpret their experienced difficulty as importance highlights their academic possibilities and improves their academic performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00781
Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., & Smith, G. (2012). Self, self-concept, and identity. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd Ed. pp. 69–104). New York: Guilford Press.
Oyserman, D., & Horowitz, E. (2023). From possible selves and future selves to current action: An integrated review and identity-based motivation synthesis. Advances in Motivation Science, 10, 73-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2022.11.003
Oyserman, D., O'Donnell, S. C., Sorensen, N., & Wingert, K. M. (2021). Process matters: Teachers benefit their classrooms and students when they deliver an identity-based motivation intervention with fidelity. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 66, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101993
Ramazani, M., & Khamesan, A. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of Reeve’s academic engagement questionnaire 2013: with the introduction of the agentic engagement. Quarterly of Educational Measurement8(29), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2018.22660.1555 [In Persian] 
Reeve, J. (2013). How students create motivationally supportive learning environments for themselves: The concept of agentic engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 579-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032690
Reeve, J., & Tseng, C. M. (2011). Agency as a fourth aspect of students’ engagement during learning activities. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(4), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.05.002
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632
Stephan, E., Shidlovski, D., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Self-prospection and energization: The joint influence of time distance and consideration of future consequences. Self and Identity, 17(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1314319
Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future work selves: how salient hoped-for identities motivate proactive career behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 580-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026423
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110(3), 403-421.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403
Vignoles, V. L., Manzi, C., Regalia, C., Jemmolo, S., & Scabini, E. (2008). Identity motives underlying desired and feared possible future selves. Journal of Personality, 76(5), 1165-1200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00518.x
Wakslak, C. J., Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). Representations of the self in the near and distant future. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 757-773. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012939
Waltz, C. F., & Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: design statistics and computer analysis. Davis Fa.
Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2013). School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective. Learning and Instruction, 28, 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.04.002

 

Abbasi, N. (2024). The effect of intervention based on identity-based motivation on students’ academic engagement (Doctoral dissertation). Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. [In Persian]

Abreu Alves, S., Sinval, J., Lucas Neto, L., Marôco, J., Gonçalves Ferreira, A., & Oliveira, P. (2022). Burnout and dropout intention in medical students: The protective role of academic engagement. BMC Medical Education, 22(83), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03094-9

Daniel, K., Msambwa, M. M., Antony, F., & Wan, X. (2024). Motivate students for better academic achievement: A systematic review of blended innovative teaching and its impact on learning. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 32(4), e22733. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22733
Destin, M., & Oyserman, D. (2010). Incentivizing education: Seeing schoolwork as an investment, not a chore. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology46(5), 846-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.004
Elmore, K., Oyserman, D., Smith, G., & Novin, S. (2016). When the going gets tough: Implications of reactance for interpretations of experienced difficulty in the classroom. AERA Open, 2(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416664714
Ersner-Hershfield, H., Garton, M. T., Ballard, K., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., & Knutson, B. (2009). Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow: Individual differences in future self-continuity account for saving. Judgment and Decision Making, 4(4), 280-286.
Gonzales, M. H., Burgess, D. J., & Mobilio, L. J. (2001). The allure of bad plans: Implications of plan quality for progress toward possible selves and postplanning energization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1207/153248301300148854
Hershfield, H. E. (2011). Future selfcontinuity: How conceptions of the future self transform intertemporal choice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06201.x
Horowitz, E., Sorensen, N., Yoder, N., & Oyserman, D. (2018). Teachers can do it: Scalable identity-based motivation intervention in the classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 54, 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.04.004
Kirk, C. M., Lewis, R. K., Scott, A., Wren, D., Nilsen, C., & Colvin, D. Q. (2012). Exploring the educational aspirations–expectations gap in eighth grade students: Implications for educational interventions and school reform. Educational Studies, 38(5), 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2011.643114
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Landau, M. J., Oyserman, D., Keefer, L. A., & Smith, G. C. (2014). The college journey and academic engagement: how metaphor use enhances identity-based motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(5), 679-698. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036414
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Earl, A. (2018). Seeing more and eating less: Effects of portion size granularity on the perception and regulation of food consumption. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(5), 786-803. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000183
Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2011). When does the future matter? Connecting future self to current behavior. In meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2018). From future self to current action: An identity-based motivation perspective. Self and Identity, 17(3), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1375003
Oyserman, D. (2013). Not just any path: Implications of identity-based motivation for disparities in school outcomes. Economics of Education Review, 33, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.09.002
Oyserman, D. (2015). Pathways to success through identity-based motivation. Oxford University Press, USA.
Oyserman, D., Brickman, D., & Rhodes, M. (2007). School success, possible selves, and parent school involvement. Family Relations, 56(5), 479-489.
Oyserman, D., & Dawson, A. (2021). Successful learning environments support and harness students’ identity-based motivation: A primer. The Journal of Experimental Education, 89(3), 508-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2021.1873091
Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., Novin, S., Fisher, O., & Smith, G. C. (2018). Guiding people to interpret their experienced difficulty as importance highlights their academic possibilities and improves their academic performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00781
Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., & Smith, G. (2012). Self, self-concept, and identity. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd Ed. pp. 69–104). New York: Guilford Press.
Oyserman, D., & Horowitz, E. (2023). From possible selves and future selves to current action: An integrated review and identity-based motivation synthesis. Advances in Motivation Science, 10, 73-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2022.11.003
Oyserman, D., O'Donnell, S. C., Sorensen, N., & Wingert, K. M. (2021). Process matters: Teachers benefit their classrooms and students when they deliver an identity-based motivation intervention with fidelity. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 66, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101993
Ramazani, M., & Khamesan, A. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of Reeve’s academic engagement questionnaire 2013: with the introduction of the agentic engagement. Quarterly of Educational Measurement8(29), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2018.22660.1555 [In Persian] 
Reeve, J. (2013). How students create motivationally supportive learning environments for themselves: The concept of agentic engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 579-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032690
Reeve, J., & Tseng, C. M. (2011). Agency as a fourth aspect of students’ engagement during learning activities. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(4), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.05.002
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632
Stephan, E., Shidlovski, D., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Self-prospection and energization: The joint influence of time distance and consideration of future consequences. Self and Identity, 17(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1314319
Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future work selves: how salient hoped-for identities motivate proactive career behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 580-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026423
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110(3), 403-421.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403
Vignoles, V. L., Manzi, C., Regalia, C., Jemmolo, S., & Scabini, E. (2008). Identity motives underlying desired and feared possible future selves. Journal of Personality, 76(5), 1165-1200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00518.x
Wakslak, C. J., Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). Representations of the self in the near and distant future. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 757-773. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012939
Waltz, C. F., & Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: design statistics and computer analysis. Davis Fa.
Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2013). School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective. Learning and Instruction, 28, 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.04.002

 

 

 

 

 
Abbasi, N. (2024). The effect of intervention based on identity-based motivation on students’ academic engagement (Doctoral dissertation). Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. [In Persian]

Abreu Alves, S., Sinval, J., Lucas Neto, L., Marôco, J., Gonçalves Ferreira, A., & Oliveira, P. (2022). Burnout and dropout intention in medical students: The protective role of academic engagement. BMC Medical Education, 22(83), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03094-9

Daniel, K., Msambwa, M. M., Antony, F., & Wan, X. (2024). Motivate students for better academic achievement: A systematic review of blended innovative teaching and its impact on learning. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 32(4), e22733. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22733
Destin, M., & Oyserman, D. (2010). Incentivizing education: Seeing schoolwork as an investment, not a chore. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology46(5), 846-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.004
Elmore, K., Oyserman, D., Smith, G., & Novin, S. (2016). When the going gets tough: Implications of reactance for interpretations of experienced difficulty in the classroom. AERA Open, 2(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416664714
Ersner-Hershfield, H., Garton, M. T., Ballard, K., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., & Knutson, B. (2009). Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow: Individual differences in future self-continuity account for saving. Judgment and Decision Making, 4(4), 280-286.
Gonzales, M. H., Burgess, D. J., & Mobilio, L. J. (2001). The allure of bad plans: Implications of plan quality for progress toward possible selves and postplanning energization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1207/153248301300148854
Hershfield, H. E. (2011). Future selfcontinuity: How conceptions of the future self transform intertemporal choice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06201.x
Horowitz, E., Sorensen, N., Yoder, N., & Oyserman, D. (2018). Teachers can do it: Scalable identity-based motivation intervention in the classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 54, 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.04.004
Kirk, C. M., Lewis, R. K., Scott, A., Wren, D., Nilsen, C., & Colvin, D. Q. (2012). Exploring the educational aspirations–expectations gap in eighth grade students: Implications for educational interventions and school reform. Educational Studies, 38(5), 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2011.643114
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Landau, M. J., Oyserman, D., Keefer, L. A., & Smith, G. C. (2014). The college journey and academic engagement: how metaphor use enhances identity-based motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(5), 679-698. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036414
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Earl, A. (2018). Seeing more and eating less: Effects of portion size granularity on the perception and regulation of food consumption. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(5), 786-803. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000183
Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2011). When does the future matter? Connecting future self to current behavior. In meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2018). From future self to current action: An identity-based motivation perspective. Self and Identity, 17(3), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1375003
Oyserman, D. (2013). Not just any path: Implications of identity-based motivation for disparities in school outcomes. Economics of Education Review, 33, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.09.002
Oyserman, D. (2015). Pathways to success through identity-based motivation. Oxford University Press, USA.
Oyserman, D., Brickman, D., & Rhodes, M. (2007). School success, possible selves, and parent school involvement. Family Relations, 56(5), 479-489.
Oyserman, D., & Dawson, A. (2021). Successful learning environments support and harness students’ identity-based motivation: A primer. The Journal of Experimental Education, 89(3), 508-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2021.1873091
Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., Novin, S., Fisher, O., & Smith, G. C. (2018). Guiding people to interpret their experienced difficulty as importance highlights their academic possibilities and improves their academic performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00781
Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., & Smith, G. (2012). Self, self-concept, and identity. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd Ed. pp. 69–104). New York: Guilford Press.
Oyserman, D., & Horowitz, E. (2023). From possible selves and future selves to current action: An integrated review and identity-based motivation synthesis. Advances in Motivation Science, 10, 73-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2022.11.003
Oyserman, D., O'Donnell, S. C., Sorensen, N., & Wingert, K. M. (2021). Process matters: Teachers benefit their classrooms and students when they deliver an identity-based motivation intervention with fidelity. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 66, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101993
Ramazani, M., & Khamesan, A. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of Reeve’s academic engagement questionnaire 2013: with the introduction of the agentic engagement. Quarterly of Educational Measurement8(29), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2018.22660.1555 [In Persian] 
Reeve, J. (2013). How students create motivationally supportive learning environments for themselves: The concept of agentic engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 579-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032690
Reeve, J., & Tseng, C. M. (2011). Agency as a fourth aspect of students’ engagement during learning activities. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(4), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.05.002
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632
Stephan, E., Shidlovski, D., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Self-prospection and energization: The joint influence of time distance and consideration of future consequences. Self and Identity, 17(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1314319
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