نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه شیراز
2 عضو هیئت علمی
3 دانشگاه کرمان
4 دانشگاه شیراز،گروه روانشناسی تربیتی
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The aim of the present study was to determine the mediating role of gender identity in the relationship between environmental-social antecedents and adjustment in a group of junior high school students in Shiraz who were studying in the academic year 1400-1401. The research design was a correlational type, and the participants were 472 people (234 girls and 238 boys) from the eighth and ninth grades of junior high school who were selected using a random cluster sampling method and completed the scales of parent-child communication, school code of ethics, peer pressure, gender identity, and school adjustment. To test the research model, the statistical method of structural equation modeling was used. The results indicated a favorable fit of the research model. The findings showed that; father-child relationship could predict adjustment through the mediating role of gender identity. Mother-child relationships and school code of ethics also predicted adjustment. Finally, peer pressure positively and significantly predicted the intergroup bias component of gender identity, but it did not play a role in adjustment. The findings of the study indicated that parent-child interactions and the middle school environment play a more important role than peer pressure in students' adjustment, both directly and through the impact it has on the formation of their gender identity. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the role of the quality of parent-child relationships in parenting, and education officials should also pay attention to the development of school moral systems.
کلیدواژهها [English]
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). American Psychiartic Publishing. Inc.
Baker, R. W., & Siryk, B. (1989). Student adaptation to college questionnaire. In Program of the Seventy-Fourth Annual Meeting.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. In D. F. Mark (Ed.). The health psychology (94-106). Sage publication Ltd.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Worth Publishers
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In D. Cervone & Y. Shona. (Eds), The coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 185-241). Guilford Press.
Brown, B. B., Clasen, D. R., and Eicher, S. E. (1986). Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents. Journal of Personality & Social. Psychology, 22, 521– 530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.521
Bussey, K. (2011). Gender Identity Development. In S. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. Vignoles. (Eds) Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 603-628). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_25
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.676
Chang, H. T., Liu, Y. L., & Kuo, C. S. (2023). The relationships among maternal meta-emotion philosophy, maternal video-mediated cognitions, and adolescent behavior adjustment in Taiwan. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 54(3), 711-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01283-7
Clemans, K. H., DeRose, L. M., Graber, J. A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Gender in adolescence: Applying a person-in-context approach to gender identity and roles. In J. Chrisler, & D. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology (pp. 527-557). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_25
Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (2001). Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 37(4), 451. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.451
Endendijk, J. J., Andrews, N. C., England, D. E., & Martin, C. L. (2019). Gender-identity typologies are related to gender-typing, friendships, and social-emotional adjustment in Dutch emerging adults. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(4), 322-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025418820686
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & company.
Ewing Lee, E. A., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2011). Peer processes and gender role development: Changes in gender atypicality related to negative peer treatment and children’s friendships. Sex Roles, 64(1), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9883-2
Feir, D., & Mann, S. (2024). Temporal trends in mental health in the United States by gender identity, 2014–2021. American Journal of Public Health, 114(5), 523-526. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307603
Fouladchag, M. (2006). The role of family patterns in adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Family Studies, 2(7), 209-221. [In Persian]
Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological assessment, 23(3), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022898
Granvik Saminathen, M., Plenty, S., & Modin, B. (2021). The role of academic achievement in the relationship between school ethos and adolescent distress and aggression: a study of ninth grade students in the segregated school landscape of Stockholm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(6), 1205-1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01199-w.
Halimi, M., Davis, S. N., & Consuegra, E. (2021). The power of peers? Early adolescent gender typicality, peer relations, and gender role attitudes in Belgium. Gender Issues, 38(2), 210-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-020-09262-3
Hammack, P. L., Hughes, S. D., Atwood, J. M., Cohen, E. M., & Clark, R. C. (2022). Gender and sexual identity in adolescence: A mixed-methods study of labeling in diverse community settings. Journal of Adolescent Research, 37(2), 167-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584211000315
Katz-Wise, S. L., Gordon, A. R., Sharp, K. J., Johnson, N. P., & Hart, L. M. (2022). Developing parenting guidelines to support transgender and gender diverse children’s well-being. Pediatrics, 150(3): e2021055347. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-055347
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
Lee, A., Lo, A., Li, Q., Keung, V., & Kwong, A. (2020). Health promoting schools: An update. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 18(5), 605-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-020-00575-8
Lemelin, E., Sirois, M. S., Bernier, A., & Martin, C. L. (2021). Associations between quality of parent–child relationships and children's gender typicality: A 4‐year longitudinal study. Infant and Child Development, 30(2), e2214. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2214
Lodge, A. (2013). Valuing visibility? An exploration of the construction of school ethos to enable or prevent recognition of sexual identities: New foundations. School “Ethos” and LGBT Sexualities conference. University of Limerick, Ireland. https://researchrepository.ul.ie/.
MacMullin, L. N., Bokeloh, L. M., Nabbijohn, A. N., Santarossa, A., van der Miesen, A. I., Peragine, D. E., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2021). Examining the relation between gender nonconformity and psychological well-being in children: The roles of peers and parents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(3), 823-841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01832-6
Martin, C. L., Andrews, N. C., England, D. E., Zosuls, K., & Ruble, D. N. (2017). A dual identity approach for conceptualizing and measuring children's gender identity. Child Development, 88(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12568
Mezzalira, S., Scandurra, C., Mezza, F., Miscioscia, M., Innamorati, M., & Bochicchio, V. (2022). Gender felt pressure, affective domains, and mental health outcomes among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) children and adolescents: A systematic review with developmental and clinical implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010785
Mohammadi Baghmolaei, H., & Yousefi, F. (2018). The structural relationship between teacher-student interaction, academic engagement and students' adjustment to school. Journal of Education and Learning Studies, 10(2), 75-99. https://doi.org/10.22099/jsli.2019.29377.2545 [In Persian]
Morawska, A. (2020). The effects of gendered parenting on child development outcomes: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 553-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00321-5
Nazimipour, B. (2014). The relationship between identity styles and students' adjustment components, investigating the mediating role of commitment (Master's thesis). University of Tehran, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. [In Persian]
Orm, S., Haukeland, Y. B., Vatne, T., & Fjermestad, K. (2022). Measuring family communication in pediatric nursing: Psychometric properties of the Parent-Child Communication Scale–Child Report (PCCS-CR). Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.10.022
Pauletti, R. E., Menon, M., Cooper, P. J., Aults, C. D., & Perry, D. G. (2017). Psychological androgyny and children’s mental health: A new look with new measures. Sex Roles, 76(11), 705-718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0627-9
Perry, D. G., Pauletti, R. E., & Cooper, P. J. (2019). Gender identity in childhood: A review of the literature. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(4), 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025418811129
Rutter, M., Maughan, B., Mortimore, P., & Ouston, J. (1979). Fifteen thousand hours: Secondary schools and their effects on children. Open Books.
Salehi, M., & Moradi Dehnavi, J. (2018). Perception of father's parenting and gender role in adolescent boys: the mediating role of attachment to father. Bi-Quarterly Scientific and Research Journal of Gender and Family Studies, 2(7), 107-126. [In Persian]
Santor, D. A., Messervey, D., & Kusumakar, V. (2000). Measuring peer pressure, popularity, and conformity in adolescent boys and girls: Predicting school performance, sexual attitudes, and substance abuse. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005152515264
Sinha, A., & Singh, R. (1993). The Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS). Agra (India): National Psychological Corporation.
Susilowati, E., Soelton, M., Yusuf, H., Fahrudin, A., Rahmi, K. H., & Islam, M. R. (2024). Transgender people in Indonesia: how do they overcome their personal adjustment toward stress? Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2024.2338384
Yang, W., Deng, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). The association between mindful parenting and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems: The role of mother–child communication. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 1-10. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10578-021-01168-9
)