طالب زاده، هادی و کدیور، پروین (1382). بررسی رابطه دانش فرا شناخت اخلاقی (فرا اخلاق) با استدلال و رفتار اخلاقی، فصلنامه تعلیم و تربیت، 93، 32-7.
دادستان، پریرخ، و پورمحمدرضا تجریشی، معصومه (1384). تحول مفاهیم اخلاقی و دیگر دوستی در دانش آموزان دوره راهنمایی. فصلنامه روا‌‌‌‌ن‌شناسان ایرانی، 2، 91-103.
ضیایی، مریم؛ پوراعتماد، حمیدرضا و حسن زاده، محمدرضا (1389). آیا قضاوت اخلاقی وابسته به فرهنگ است؟ مجله علوم رفتاری، 3، 225-231.
Aronfreed, J. (1968). Conduct and conscience: the socialization of internalized control over behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Bandura, A. & McDonald, F. J. (1963). Influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping children's moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(3):274-281
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz, (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development. (Vol. 1, pp. 45-103).
Barriga, A.Q., Morrison, E.M., Liau, A.K. & Gibbs, J.C. (2001). Moral cognition: Explaining the gender difference in antisocial behavior, Merril-Palmer Quarterly, 47 (4): 532-562.
Basinger, K. S., Gibbs, J. C., & Fuller, D. (1995). Context and the measurement of moral judgment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18 (3): 537–556.
Bender, N. N. (1980). Intent and outcome in the moral judgement of mentally retarded and nonretarded children. Mental Retardation, 18(1): 39–40.
Berkowit, M. W., & Grych, J. H. (1998). Fostering Goodness: Teaching Parents to Facilitate Children’s Moral Development. Journal of Moral Education, 27 (3): 371-391.
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioe-conomic status and child Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1): 371– 399.
Brusten, C. M. (2003). Investigation of the moral reasoning of offending and non-offending adolescents using the Sociomoral Reflection Measure–Short Form. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oxford Brookes University, UK.
Colby, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1987). The measurement of moral judgment: Theoretical foundations and research validation. Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Daly, K., & Tonry, M. (1997). Gender, race, and sentencing. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice. A review of research, 22(1): 201–252.
Derryberry, W.P., & Thoma, S.J. (2000). The friendship effect: It’s role in the development of moral thinking in students. About Campus, 5 (2): 13-18.
Eysenck, M. W. (2004). Psychology: An International perspective. Canada: Psychology press.
Fitzgerald, S., Gray N. S., Taylor, J. & Snowden R. J. (2011) Risk factors for recidivism in offenders with intellectual disabilities. Psychology, Crime and Law, 17(1): 43-58.
Freud, S. (1930). Civlisation and its discontent, London: Hogarth Press.
Gargiulo, R. M. (1984). Cognitive style and moral judgement in mentally handicapped and non-handicapped children of equal mental age. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2(1): 83–89.
Gargiulo, R. M., & Sulick, J. A. (1978). Moral judgement in retarded and nonretarded school age children. Journal of Psychology, 99(1): 23–26.
Garmon, L. C., Basinger, K. S., Gregg, V. R., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Gender differences in stage and expression of moral judgment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42(3): 418–437.
Gibbs, J. C. (2003). Moral Development and Reality: Beyond the Theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. London: Sage Publications.
Gibbs, J. C. (2010). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. Boston: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
Gibbs, J. C., Basinger, K. S., & Fuller, D. (1992). Moral maturity: Measuring the development of sociomoral reflection. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gibbs, J. C., Basinger, K. S., Grime, R. L., & Snary, J. R. (2007). Moral judgment development across cultures: Revisiting Kohlberg’s universality claims. Developmental Review, 27(4): 443–500.
Gleeson, J., O’Flaherty .(2016).The teacher as moral educator: comparative study of secondary teachers in Catholic schools in Australia and Ireland, 55, 45–56.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Jaffee, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2000). Gender differences in moral orientation: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 12(6): 703–726.
Kannan, k. v. c. (2006). Moral and spiritual intelligence in young gifted and talentedstudents in NewZealand: A teacher perspective. Paper presented at the National Gifted & Talented Conference, Wellington, NewZealand.
Kohlberg, L. (1971). From Is to Ought: How to Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy and Get Away with It in the Study of Moral Development. New York: Academic Press.
Krettenauer, T., & Becker, G. (2001). Developmental levels of sociomoral reasoning: German version of the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form [German]. Diagnostica, 47(4): 188–195.
Langdon, P. E., Clare, I. C. H., & Murphy, G. H. (2011). Moral reasoning theory and illegal behaviour by adults with intellectual disabilities. Psychology, Crime & Law, 17(2): 101–115.
Langdon, P. E., Murphy, G. H., Clare, I. C. H., & Palmer, E. J. (2010). The psychometric properties of the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form and the Moral Theme Inventory for men with and without intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(6): 1204–1215.
Langdon, P. E., Murphy, G. H., Clare, I. C.H., Palmer, E. J. and Rees, J. (2013), An Evaluation of the EQUIP Treatment Programme with Men who have Intellectual or Other Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(2): 167–180.
Langdon, P.E., Murphy, G. H., Clare, I.C.H., Steverson, T. & Palmer, E.J. (2011). Relationships among moral reasoning, empathy, and distorted cognitions in men with intellectual disabilities and a history of criminal offending. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(6): 438 – 456.
Levine, C. G., Pakvis, P., & Alessandro, H. D. (2000). Ego and moral development in university contexts: the value of consistency thesis extended. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(4): 482-503.
Liddell, D. L., & Davis, T. (1996). The measure of moral orientation: Reliability and validity evidence. Journal of College Student Development, 37(5): 485-93
Lind, G. (2006). Efective Moral Education: The Konstanz Method of Dilemma Discussion. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 3(3): 189-196.
Murphy, G. H., & Mason, J. (2007). People with intellectual disabilities who are at risk of offending. In N. Bouras & G. Holt (Eds.), Psychiatric and behavioural disorders in intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 173–201). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Myyry. L., & Helkama, k. (2001). University student’s value priorities and emotional empathy. Educational Psychology, 21(1): 25-40.
Narvaez, D., Gleason, T., Mitchell, C., & Bentley, J. (1999). Moral theme comprehension in children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3): 477–487.
Perry, J., & Krebs, D. L. (1980) Role-taking, moral development, and mental retardation. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 136(1): 95-108.
Piaget, J. (1965). The moral judgment of the child. New York: Free Press.
Rest, J. (1979). Development in judging moral issues. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Rest, J.R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger.
Robinson, J. S.,Joel, S., & Plaks, J. E (2015). Empathy for the group versus indifference toward the victim: Effects of anxious and avoidant attachment on moral judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,56, 139–152.
Sagan, E. (1988). Freud, Women, and Morality: The Psychology of Good and Evil.New York: Basic Books.
Sigelman, C. K. (1999). Life-span Human Development. USA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Smith, D. J. (2005). Ethnic differences in intergenerational crime patterns. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice. A review of research, 32(1): 59–129.
South, S. J., & Messner, S. F. (2000). Crime and demography: Multiple linkages, reciprocal relations. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1): 83–106.
Vutg, E.S. van., Hendriks, J., Stams, G.J.J.M., Van Exter, F., Bijleveld, C., Laan, P. v., & Asscher, J.J. (2011). Moral Judgment, Cognitive Distortions and Implicit Theories in Young Sex Offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 22(4): 603-619.
Walker, L. (1984). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review. ChildDevelopment, 55(3): 677–691.
Wallen, W., Allen, C., & Smit, I. (2008). Machine morality: bottom-up and top-down approaches for modelling human moral faculties.
Artifical Intelligence and Society, 22
( 4): 565-583.
)