شناسایی مولفه‌های تفکر محاسباتی در مهارت‌های یادگیری دوره ابتدایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد برنامه‌ریزی درسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه روش‌ها و برنامه‌ های درسی و آموزشی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران،

3 دانشجوی دکتری برنامه‌ریزی درسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

10.22099/jsli.2023.7180

چکیده

هدف از این مطالعه بیان ویژگی‌ها، قابلیت‌ها و مولفه‌های تفکر محاسباتی به‌عنوان یکی از مهارت‌های اساسی یادگیری در دوره ابتدایی است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش فراترکیب انجام شده است. برای جستجوی مقالات مرتبط جهت تحلیل و بررسی از کلیدواژه‌های فارسی «تفکر، مهارت‌های تفکر، تفکر محاسباتی در دبستان، تفکر محاسباتی در دانش‌آموزان» و معادل انگلیسی آن‌ها در پایگاه‌های داده مگ‌ایران، سید، سیویلیکا، ساینس‌دایرکت و اسکوپوس، انستیتوی مهندسان برق و الکترونیک  بین سال‌های 1390 تا 1399 و 2000 تا 2021، استفاده شده است. داده‌ها براساس یک طرح پژوهش کیفی از نوع فراترکیب و با استفاده از گام‌های هفتگانه سندلوسکی و باروسو، جمع‌آوری شده‌اند. انتخاب نمونه با استفاده از معیارهای پذیرش و عدم‌پذیرش و برنامه مهارت‌های ارزیابی حیاتی صورت گرفت. جهت بررسی قابلیت اعتبار یافته‌ها از معیارهای خودبازبینی محقق؛ مرور همتایان و نظرسنجی متخصصان بهره گرفته شد. در بررسی اولیه 1643 مقاله استخراج شده که از این تعداد 1533 مقاله براساس عنوان، 35 مقاله براساس چکیده و 51 مقاله براساس محتوا غربال شده و در نهایت 24 مقاله نهایی استخراج و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. طبق یافته­ های پژوهش و بررسی‌های نهایی، مولفه‌های تفکر محاسباتی را می‌توان در نوزده طبقه کلی دسته‌بندی و متناسب با آن ماهیت عناصر آن را نمایان کرد. نتایج حاکی از این پژوهش نشان‌دهنده سه مقوله اساسی از این نوع مهارت تفکر و اهمیت پرورش آن در مدارس به‌ویژه از دوران کودکی و سال‌های اولیه دبستان است؛ این مقوله‌ها شامل مهارت‌های شناختی، مهارت‌های ارتباطی و اطلاعاتی (فناوری) و علوم، تکنولوژی، مهندسی و ریاضی است. نتایج پژوهش نشان‌دهنده هم‌پوشانی بالای این عناصر، مولفه‌ها و مقوله‌ها و رابطه مثبت میان آن‌هاست. نتایج حاکی از آن است که تفکر محاسباتی به‌عنوان یکی از مهارت‌های نوظهور و یکی از مهارت‌های حل مسئله به شمار آمده و با استفاده از فناوری و علوم کامپیوتر در سال‌های اولیه کودکی در مدارس دنیا در حال آموزش و یادگیری بوده و به‌عنوان مجموعه‌ای از مهارت‌ها و دانش‌های عرضی برای همگان لازم و ضروری است.

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